At the same time, Mars is farther from the sun during its summer, so temperatures are reasonable. In contrast, summer in the southern hemisphere - when Mars is closer to the sun - is hot and quick, winters long and cold.
In the northern hemisphere, the carbon dioxide (CO2) ice cap completely vanishes in the summer. This lets us see a large water ice cap that had been hidden by the frozen CO2.
The changes of polar CO2 from solid to gas (called sublimation) makes a huge difference in the Mars atmosphere throughout the year.
More about Mars climate is here: https://spacescience.arc.nasa.gov/mars-climate-modeling-group/climate-cycles.html
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| Mars north polar ice cap. |
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